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埃及制宪会议通过新宪法草案

2012年11月30日

埃及穆斯林兄弟会以紧急程序通过了新宪法草案。该法律草案基于伊斯兰教义的原则。世俗的埃及人现在担心埃及成为一个政教合一的国家。

https://p.dw.com/p/16tx1
Egyptian Parliament Speaker Saad el-Katani presides over a brief session of Parliament, the first since the country's high court ruled the chamber unconstitutional, in Cairo, Egypt, Tuesday, July 10, 2012. Egypt's Islamist-dominated parliament convened Tuesday in defiance of a ruling by the country's highest court and swiftly voted to seek a legal opinion on the decision that invalidated the chamber over apparent election irregularities. (Foto:AP/dapd)
埃及制宪会议通过新宪法图像来源: AP

(德国之声中文网)埃及制宪会议几乎完全是穆斯林兄弟会和萨拉菲派的成员,因为大多数世俗派和自由派代表最近几周退出了制宪会议,以示抗议。备受争议的总统法令授权制宪会议在两个月内起草宪法,但是现在如此匆忙的通过宪法草案,据估计,穆尔西总统是为了赶在埃及最高法院做出裁决之前。因为最高法院很可能做出取缔制宪会议的裁决。

制宪会议的表决

虽然穆尔西总统的法令宣布议会享有豁免权,可以免被法院的裁决解散。但是,这样的裁决仍会损害议会的合法性,干扰议会继续工作。现在,新的宪法草案将在30天内由人民进行表决。如何进行实际操作,还难以预料。因为这种选举必须受司法监督。然而,许多法官为抗议总统的法令罢工。新宪法增加的一个条款包括,在选举出新的众议院之前,制宪会议将由同样由伊斯兰主义者占主导地位的国会上议院接管。在此之前,总统拥有这个权力。

FILE - In this Friday, July 13, 2012 file photo, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi speaks to reporters during a joint news conference with Tunisian President Moncef Marzouki, unseen, at the Presidential palace in Cairo, Egypt. Egypt’s Islamist president may hail from the fiercely anti-Israeli Muslim Brotherhood, but in his first major crisis over Israel, he is behaving much like his predecessor, Hosni Mubarak:. He recalled the ambassador and engaged in empty rhetoric supporting Palestinians. Mohammed Morsi is under pressure at home to do more but he is just as wary as Mubarak about straining ties with the United States. (Foto:Maya Alleruzzo, File/AP/dapd)
总统穆尔西也豪不妥协图像来源: AP

许多专家认为,就如同沙特阿拉伯,埃及的新宪法草案为一个伊斯兰国家奠定了基础。草案的第二条款中规定,"伊斯兰教的教法是立法的重要基础"。

Parlament in Ägypten setzt aus Protest gegen Militärrat Arbeit aus Egyptian protesters chant anti ruling military council slogans by a an army security barrier, unseen that blocks the road leading to the ministry of defense, in Cairo, Egypt Sunday, April 29, 2012. Assailants attacked demonstrators gathered outside the Defense Ministry in Egypt's capital to call for an end to military rule with rocks and firebombs, killing one protester and wounding scores, security officials said on Sunday. (Foto:Nasser Nasser/AP/dapd).
愤怒的非伊斯兰主义者图像来源: AP

军队不可触犯

此外,国家安全委员会的创建也确保军队不受民选政府监督。开罗人权观察研究所的项目经理萨拉(Mohamed Zaraa)说,"国家安全委员会将决定一切,包括一切与军队有关的事务和国防预算。这将影响议会对军队预算进行监控的权力"。
埃及人权观察组织负责人穆拉耶夫(Heba Morayef)指出,宪法草案对言论自由进行限制:两个条款规定尤其禁止侮辱先知。这一规定为法院对公开表达自己意见的无神论者提起诉讼开放了绿灯。

不排除暴力抗议可能性

事态的这一发展进一步引起非伊斯兰主义者的愤怒。星期五,自由派与世俗派再次在解放广场(Tahrir Square)举行大规模示威。他们已经占据该广场一个多星期。世俗力量也在考虑举行全国性大罢工。

Anti-Mursi protesters run for cover during clashes with riot police at Tahrir Square in Cairo November 27, 2012. Opponents of President Mohamed Mursi rallied in Cairo's Tahrir Square for a fifth day on Tuesday, stepping up calls to scrap a decree they say threatens Egypt with a new era of autocracy. REUTERS/Ahmed Jadallah (EGYPT - Tags: POLITICS CIVIL UNREST)
开罗解放广场的暴力抗议图像来源: Reuters

然而,穆斯林兄弟会和总统穆尔西也豪不妥协。 穆斯林兄弟会在一份声明中,称其总统是孤军奋战的民主斗士。声明说,"民选总统已决心完成民主进程。"穆斯林兄弟会的声明对反对穆尔西法令和几乎全部由伊斯兰主义者组成的制宪会议的暴力抗议活动避而不提。周四晚上,穆尔西总统也在一次讲话中重申了其立场。

作者:Matt Sailer   编译:李京慧

责编:张筠青